The painting illustrates an episode of Roman history narrated by Tito Livio and taken up by Petrarch and Boccaccio. The decemvir Appius Claudius, who fell in love with the young Virginia, already promised to the tribune Lucio Icilio, instructs Marcus Claudius to kidnap her, pretending that she is his escaped slave. Virginia is brought before the court, presided over by Appio himself, who declares her a slave to Mark. Her father, Lucio Virginio, kills her to prevent her honor from being tarnished. The narrative ends with the pain of the relatives and with the expulsion of the decemvirs from Rome.